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Preparation of pharmaceutical powders

  COMMINUTION OF DRUGS •On a small scale, the pharmacist reduces the size of chemical substances by grinding with a mortar and pestle. •A finer grinding action is accomplished by using a mortar with a rough surface (as a porcelain mortar) than one with a smooth surface (as a glass mortar). •Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size is termed trituration or comminution. Credit:- indianmart.com •On a large scale, various types of mills and pulverizers may be used to reduce particle size. • Through the grinding action of rapidly moving blades in the comminuting chamber, particles are reduced in size and passed through a screen of desired dimension to the collection container. The collection and containment system: ♧protects the environment from chemical dust ♧reduces product loss ♧prevents product contamination. Levigation •Levigation is commonly used in small scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added...
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Pharmacopoeia and history of Indian pharmacopoeia 📒

Pharmacopoeia and history of Indian pharmacopoeia. 📒💊 Pharmacopoeia is an official publication containing a list of medicinal drugs with their effects and directions for their use.                                 ORIGIN     All countries  have their own pharmacopoeia, Eg:- Indian pharmacopoeia (IP)                 British pharmacopoeia (BP)        US pharmacopoeia   (USP)    Pharmacopoeia is divided into three parts:- 1) General notices:- It contains the information of pharmaceutical progress since last edition. It summarizes the various changes/ addition/ deletion in the present edition. 2) Monograph:- Monograph is the main content of pharmacopoeia. Monograph is arranged into alphabetical order of the drug names. It gives the following information about the d...
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Pharmaceutical Emulsions | Types of pharmaceutical emulsions | Applications | Formulation | Instability pdf|

  Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable heterogeneous biphasic systems consisting of at least one immiscible liquid, which is dispersed as globules (the interal, discontinuous or dispersed phase) in the other liquid phase (the external, continuous phase or dispersion medium), which is stabilised by the presence of an emulsifying agent. Internal phase droplets are generally in the range of diameter 0.1 mm 100 mm. Credit:- the face shop 1) Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions: Emulsions are biphasic liquid systems, one phase of which is usually polar (i.e. aqueous), while the other is relatively non-polar (i.e. oil). When oil droplets are dispersed in the continuous aqueous phase, the emulsion is termed as oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. 2) Water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions: When oil phase serves as the continuous phase and wate droplets as internal phase, the emulsion is water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion. Credit:- toppr.com 3) Multiple emulsions: These are of two types, o/w/o and w/o/w type. The ...
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