Pharmaceutics-1, |easy notes|

  The ingredients employed in suspensions vary as per the nature of the drug, ie diffusible or indiffusible. Suspensions containing indiffusible solids require thickening agents Suspensions for internal use are mostly aqueous, whereas, for other routes it may be aqueous non-aqueous, hydroalcoholic or oily. Drug-  The drug should have minimum solubility, maximum chemical stability and good wettability in the vehicle. Drugs with some solubility in the vehicle, could result in the growth of crystals due to fluctuations in storage temperatures. Preparation of suspensions in pharmaceutics containing diffusible solids is less complex than that of the Those with indiffusible solids. Incorporation of suspending agent latter type may lead to problems such as, adsorption of flavours and preservatives, unpourability, etc. The drug particles are also generated by chemical reaction or by precipitation eg Blight milk of magnesia. The precipitation is done either by change in solvent or the pH of s

  Biphasic liquid dosage form : SUSPENSION. What is Suspension? Credit:- Shutterstock.com -> Suspension are the mixtures containing insoluble solids. Suspension are heterogeneous, biphasic, thermodynamically unstable liquid items in which a solid particles are uniformly distributed in liquid phase (dispersion medium). ☆Classification of Suspension:- • Particle size- Colloidal & Coarse.   • Density of solids - Diffusible & Indiffusible.   • Arrangement of suspended phase - Focculated & Defocculated • Route of administration - Internal & External. 1) Colloidal suspensions: When the solid particles are less than 1um in size, suspensions are called colloidal suspensions. 2) Coarse suspensions: When the size of solid particles is from 1um to 50-75 um, these suspensions are termed as coarse suspensions. 3) Suspensions containing diffusible solids: Many of the drug substances are light in weight and possess good wetting properties. After shaking, such drugs re

  •Mixtures are liquid preparations intended for oral administration and composed dissolved or dispersed drug. Definition ~  Pharmaceutical monophasic liquids (Solutions) are single phase liquid preparation composed of one or more pharmaceutically active ingredients dissolved in a solvent, that are intended to be used internally or externally.  Solutions for internal use are either aques or hydroalcoholic, whereas, solutions for external use are aqueous or non-aqueous According to the route of administration, pharmaceutical solutions are of the following type Advantages of Monophasic Liquids 1) Bioavailability of dissolved drug is rapid as compared to its insoluble form The dosage toms can be ranked in increasing order of bioavailability in the following order Capsules < Powders < Suspensions < Solutions. 2) The drug is more uniformly distributed in liquid vehide and provides high dosage accuracy than biophysics liquid. 3) Liquid preparations are easy to swallow and thus m

  COMMINUTION OF DRUGS •On a small scale, the pharmacist reduces the size of chemical substances by grinding with a mortar and pestle. •A finer grinding action is accomplished by using a mortar with a rough surface (as a porcelain mortar) than one with a smooth surface (as a glass mortar). •Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size is termed trituration or comminution. Credit:- indianmart.com •On a large scale, various types of mills and pulverizers may be used to reduce particle size. • Through the grinding action of rapidly moving blades in the comminuting chamber, particles are reduced in size and passed through a screen of desired dimension to the collection container. The collection and containment system: ♧protects the environment from chemical dust ♧reduces product loss ♧prevents product contamination. Levigation •Levigation is commonly used in small scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added pow

  Hey you all guys hope you all are doing good. Here is a quick reminder for you all we've completed unit 1 and after that I have provided one  CHEATSHEET  . If you have not seen pls go through all the notes as they're important. INTRODUCTION TO POWDERS: •Powder is a mixture of finely divided drug and / or chemicals in a dry form that may be intended for internal use (oral powders) or external use (topical or dusting powder). Powders represent one of the oldest dosage forms. •Although powders are not used now-a-days extensively as a dosage form, they are widely used in preparation of various dosage forms. •Powdered drugs can be blended with other powdered materials prior to fabrication into other solid dosage such as tablet and capsule. •Powdered drugs are frequently added to other ingredient to make ointments, pastes, suppositories etc. ■ ADVANTAGES Credit:- 1mg.com •Powders being solid preparation are more stable than liquid and semi-solid preparations •Convenient form

> *Rx* = Treatment > *Hx* = History > *Dx* = Diagnosis > *q* = Every > *qd* = Every day > *qod* = Every other day > *qh* = Every Hour > *S* = without > *SS* = One & half > *C* = With > *SOS* = If needed > *AC* = Before Meals > *PC* = After meals > *BID* = Twice a Day > *TID* = Thrice a Day > *QID* = Four times a day > *OD* = Once a Day > *BT* = Bed Time > *hs* = Bed Time > *BBF* = Before Breakfast > *BD* = Before Dinner > *Tw* = Twice a week > *SQ* = sub cutaneous > *IM* = Intramuscular > *ID* = Intradermal > *IV* = Intravenous > *Q4H* = (every 4 hours) > *QOD* = (every other day) > *HS* = (at bedtime) > *PRN* = (as needed) > *PO or "per os"* (by mouth) > *Mg* = (milligrams) > *Mcg/ug* = (micrograms) > *G or Gm* = (grams) > *1TSF* (Teaspoon) = 5 ml > *1 Tablespoonful* =15ml ~ *DDx* =differential Diagnosis *Tx* =Treatment *RTx* =

              POSOLOGY Posology :- (Derived from the greek word Posos-how much, and logos science) It is the branch of pharmacology dealing with doses.    (Most important for pediatric) Dose : Is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect. - The idea being to produce the optimum therapeutic effect in a particular patient with the lowest possible dose. Factors affecting drug dosage: -Age -Body Weight -Body Surface Area -Sex -Pathological State -Tolerance -Drug-Drug Interactions -Time Of administration -Route Of Administration -Pharmaceutical dosage form and drug physical. Age • Newborn infants (pediatric) are abnormally sensitive to certain drugs because of the immature state of their hepatic and renal function by which drugs are inactivated and eliminated from the body. Failure to detoxify and eliminate drugs results in their accumulation in the tissues to a toxic level. Body weight • The official usual doses for drugs are