Pharmaceutics-1, |easy notes|

  COMMINUTION OF DRUGS •On a small scale, the pharmacist reduces the size of chemical substances by grinding with a mortar and pestle. •A finer grinding action is accomplished by using a mortar with a rough surface (as a porcelain mortar) than one with a smooth surface (as a glass mortar). •Grinding a drug in a mortar to reduce its particle size is termed trituration or comminution. Credit:- indianmart.com •On a large scale, various types of mills and pulverizers may be used to reduce particle size. • Through the grinding action of rapidly moving blades in the comminuting chamber, particles are reduced in size and passed through a screen of desired dimension to the collection container. The collection and containment system: ♧protects the environment from chemical dust ♧reduces product loss ♧prevents product contamination. Levigation •Levigation is commonly used in small scale preparation of ointments and suspensions to reduce the particle size and grittiness of the added pow

  Hey you all guys hope you all are doing good. Here is a quick reminder for you all we've completed unit 1 and after that I have provided one  CHEATSHEET  . If you have not seen pls go through all the notes as they're important. INTRODUCTION TO POWDERS: •Powder is a mixture of finely divided drug and / or chemicals in a dry form that may be intended for internal use (oral powders) or external use (topical or dusting powder). Powders represent one of the oldest dosage forms. •Although powders are not used now-a-days extensively as a dosage form, they are widely used in preparation of various dosage forms. •Powdered drugs can be blended with other powdered materials prior to fabrication into other solid dosage such as tablet and capsule. •Powdered drugs are frequently added to other ingredient to make ointments, pastes, suppositories etc. ■ ADVANTAGES Credit:- 1mg.com •Powders being solid preparation are more stable than liquid and semi-solid preparations •Convenient form

> *Rx* = Treatment > *Hx* = History > *Dx* = Diagnosis > *q* = Every > *qd* = Every day > *qod* = Every other day > *qh* = Every Hour > *S* = without > *SS* = One & half > *C* = With > *SOS* = If needed > *AC* = Before Meals > *PC* = After meals > *BID* = Twice a Day > *TID* = Thrice a Day > *QID* = Four times a day > *OD* = Once a Day > *BT* = Bed Time > *hs* = Bed Time > *BBF* = Before Breakfast > *BD* = Before Dinner > *Tw* = Twice a week > *SQ* = sub cutaneous > *IM* = Intramuscular > *ID* = Intradermal > *IV* = Intravenous > *Q4H* = (every 4 hours) > *QOD* = (every other day) > *HS* = (at bedtime) > *PRN* = (as needed) > *PO or "per os"* (by mouth) > *Mg* = (milligrams) > *Mcg/ug* = (micrograms) > *G or Gm* = (grams) > *1TSF* (Teaspoon) = 5 ml > *1 Tablespoonful* =15ml ~ *DDx* =differential Diagnosis *Tx* =Treatment *RTx* =

              POSOLOGY Posology :- (Derived from the greek word Posos-how much, and logos science) It is the branch of pharmacology dealing with doses.    (Most important for pediatric) Dose : Is the quantitative amount administered or taken by a patient for the intended medicinal effect. - The idea being to produce the optimum therapeutic effect in a particular patient with the lowest possible dose. Factors affecting drug dosage: -Age -Body Weight -Body Surface Area -Sex -Pathological State -Tolerance -Drug-Drug Interactions -Time Of administration -Route Of Administration -Pharmaceutical dosage form and drug physical. Age • Newborn infants (pediatric) are abnormally sensitive to certain drugs because of the immature state of their hepatic and renal function by which drugs are inactivated and eliminated from the body. Failure to detoxify and eliminate drugs results in their accumulation in the tissues to a toxic level. Body weight • The official usual doses for drugs are

              Prescription💊💉   Definition~  The word "prescription" is derived from the Latin term praescriptus which made up of two Latin words prae a prefix meaning 'before and scriptus  meaning to write' • Prescription is an order written by a physician, dentist or any other medical practitioner to the pharmacist to compound & dispense a specific medication for individual patient. • Prescription is accompanied by direction for pharmacist and for patient. ▪︎ Pre compounding prescription : • Prescription for already prepared drug (by pharmaceutical companies) e.g. Cap. Ciprofloxacin (500 mg) etc. ▪︎ Extemporaneous prescription : • The pharmacists prepare the medication according to the drugs and dosages directed by the physician (nowadays not in practice)   Parts of prescription Age Sex Address of patient Subscription Inscription Signature Date Name Prescriber Superscription Signature Address Registration number •Parts of prescription a. Head

Semisolid dosage forms are the topical dosage form used for the therapeutic, protective or cosmetic functions. It may be applied to the skin, nasal, vaginal, or rectal cavity. 1- OINTMENTS - Ointments are semi-solid, greasy preparations for application to the skin, rectum or nasal mucosa -Base is usually anhydrous and immiscible with skin secretions. -Ointments may be used as emollients or dissolved medicaments to the skin. 2- GELS  -In gel a liquid phase is constrained with in a 3-D polymeric matrix (consisting of natural or synthetic gum) having a high degree of physical or chemical cross linking 3-CREAMS ● Oil-in-water (O/W)   . It composed of small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase. • Less greasy and more easily washed off using water. ● Water-in-oil (W/O)  • It composed of small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous Oily phase. • More difficult to handle butused for hydrophobic drug preparation. • Reduces water loss from the stratum corneum mai

  LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS   Liquid dosage forms are essential pharmaceutical products which involves a mixture of active drug components and nondrug components (excipients). 1- ORAL SOLUTION > Oral solutions are clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. 2- ORAL EMULSION     Credit:- 1mg.com   Oral emulsions are stabilized oil-in-water dispersions, either or both phases of which may contain dissolved solids either oil is dispersed in finely divided form in water or vice versa. 3-ORAL SUSPENSIONm  Credit:- indianmart  > Biphasic liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients suspended in a suitable vehicle. It sediment which is readily dispersed on shaking to give a uniform suspension which remains sufficiently stable to enable the correct dose to be delivered 4-SYRUP Credit:- 1mg.com It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose to which medicaments are added. F